Figure 1. Geographic distribution of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and Dolly Varden (S. malma)1098 sampled. Names in bottom legend separated by an “x” indicate admixed populations. RU= Russia,1099 JP = Japan, US = United States, A = Alaska, CA = Canada.
Abstract
Comparative biogeographic analyses have provided key insights into the history of divergence among closely-related species. We collected genomic data across much of the range of two salmonid fishes, Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and Dolly Varden (S. malma) that comprise a complex of lineages whose relationships and evolutionary interactions have remained uncertain. A time-calibrated phylogeny indicated reciprocal monophyly of S. alpinus and S. malma, that the species diverged an estimated ∼1.4 million years ago, and that eastern Pacific Southern Dolly Varden (S. m. lordi) is the basal lineage within S. malma. Historical and contemporary gene flow was detected between species and regional groups within species. We found strong evidence for a model of divergence without gene flow between S. alpinus and S. malma followed by secondary contact about 14,500 years ago with subsequent gene flow. Our geographic and genomic investigation within the S alpinus-S. malma complex clarifies the origin and inter-relationships of the species and further highlights the North Pacific and Arctic as dynamic areas of evolution of regional faunas.