BOX FIGURE 1. Understanding the consequences of differences in forms of movement is an open area of research in ecology. Doing so requires identifying how forms of movement vary across ecological communities such as food webs. For example, a hypothetical food web with three herbivores and two carnivores shows potential variation in each of the forms of movement and therefore spatial scales. In this study, we take the first step towards this synthesis and present the variation of movement distances across trophic guilds. (a) Each species has its own mean dispersal, migration, foraging (home range) distance, and body size. (b) Each of the three types of movements influences when and where members of the food web interact.
Abstract
Aim: Animals couple habitats by three types of movement: dispersal, migration, and foraging, which dynamically link populations, communities, and ecosystems. Across these types, movement distances tend to correlate with each other, potentially reflecting allometric scaling with body mass, but ecological and evolutionary species' traits may constrain movement distances and weaken these correlations. Here, we investigate multivariate “movement profiles” to better understand patterns in movement across movement types, with the aim of improving predictions in ecology from populations to ecosystems.
Location: Global.
Time period: 1945–2019.
Major taxa studied: Vertebrates.
Methods: We synthesized distances of all three movement types (dispersal, migration, and foraging) across 300+ vertebrate species and investigated how the relationships between movement types and body mass were modified by evolutionary history and trophic guild.
Results: We found that the strength of relationships between movement types and body mass varied among taxa and trophic guilds, for example, strongly positive for mammals but weak for birds, or positive across trophic guilds for foraging and dispersal but not migration. Notably, movement profiles interacted with the effects of shared evolutionary history and trophic guild to diminish covariance between movement types.
Main conclusions: Overall, we find that movement types with distinct ecological con-sequences (foraging, migration) are often correlated, although some species seem able to overcome biomechanical, evolutionary, and metabolic constraints by reducing correlations among movement types. This integrative assessment of movement can improve ecological prediction by allowing estimation of unobserved movement distances for parameterization of models based on estimation of other movement types.